English transcript

Twelve African leaders died after challenging Western control and promoting unity.

Patrice Lumumba of Congo was assassinated in 1961 with CIA and Belgian involvement after

rejecting Western mining interests.

Thomas Sankara of Burkina Faso was killed in 1987 after refusing French and World Bank

control.

Muammar Gaddafi of Libya died in 2011 during NATO intervention led by Hillary Clinton

after proposing an African gold currency.

Laurent Gbagbo of Ivory Coast was removed in 2011 with French military support after

challenging economic agreements.

Samora Machel of Mozambique died in a suspicious 1986 plane crash after opposing apartheid

South Africa.

Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana was overthrown in a CIA-backed coup in 1966 for promoting Pan-Africanism.

Amilcar Cabral of Guinea-Bissau was assassinated in 1973 with Portuguese involvement.

Felix Moumé of Cameroon was poisoned by French agents in 1960.

Mehdi Ben Barka of Morocco disappeared in 1965 with French intelligence involvement.

Sylvanus Olympio of Togo was killed in a French-backed coup in 1963.

Each challenged the economic stranglehold that kept Africa dependent on former colonial

powers.